End of Slavery in the United States in 1870 Essay

The article explained how slavery, which has been one of the most sensitive issues in America, came to an end in the United States after more than 250 years of human exploitation. Basically, slavery in the country began after colonists from England settled in America in 1607. Back then, the majority of the slaves were of African-American descent or blacks but some were also Native Americans as this racial basis was upheld by the courts during the 18th century (Wikipedia. org). From the 16th to the 19th century, an estimated 12 million black Africans were transferred to both North and South America and 645,000 were shipped to the United States. Although slavery is viewed as an inhuman and immoral act today, it greatly enhanced the productivity of the United States in various sectors. This was a period wherein the agricultural sector such as cotton producers blossomed and greatly contributed to the wealth of America, mainly due to the extensive labor being imposed on the African-American slaves (Wikepedia. org). However, the American Civil War, which was conflict between the Confederate states and the Federal government of the U. S or a battle between a side that favored the expansion of slavery and the side that opposed it, respectively, signaled the end of slavery. The war, which lasted from 1861 to 1865 and was the deadliest in the history of America, effectively ended slavery and led to the Reconstruction era, which saw the reunion of all states and the restoration of peace (Wikipedia. org). Moreover, the passage of Thirteenth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution in December 1865 made any form of slavery illegal. By 1870, all slaves were freed from their masters and were given due rights (Wikipedia. org) For me, slavery is one of the most inhumane acts a person could do to another human being as it is like treating him or her like some form of property. It is also highly discriminative and denies a person his or her basic rights. Considering the circumstances of the history of slavery in the United States, it was clear that one of the bases for making a person a slave is his or her skin color. Historically, almost all the slaves were non-whites or those who belong to the black race. For example, if a person is of African-American descent the rest of society back then would view him or her as someone inferior and undeserving of the rights afforded to the white race. In my view, this is a highly narrow way of viewing and treating any kind of person as a whole. The basis of judging a person should never be on the color of his or her skin. For that matter, the criteria promoting an employee and accepting an applicant to a university should also never include his or her skin color and race. It is important for society to accept the fact that the world is diverse and should not discriminate against others just because their skin color is different. Doing so would avoid the petty conflicts concerning differences in race and color that are still widespread all across the glob. Moreover, although slavery in the United States was a highly deplorable act, I believe it was an important part of the country’s history as it exposed to the entire world the harsh realities of human exploitation. It basically opened the eyes of people around the world and enabled them to build a better nation while keeping in mind the mistakes of the past. In short, the country’s bad history of slavery allowed the good things to come out. Taking everything into consideration and based on the statements and facts mentioned above, it can then be deduced that slavery, in any form or kind, is an immoral act that degrades the dignity of a person. It is important to keep in mind that the slaves, no matter what their skin color is, are still human beings and should therefore enjoy the rights that other people enjoy. The lesson learned from slavery should also apply to everyday situations of discrimination and racism, among many others. Works Cited â€Å"Slavery in the United States. † 2008. Wikipedia. org. 10 December 2008 .

Fingerprint and Crime Scene

Which technique is the best choice when blood is found at a crime scene? In the genetics laboratory (under â€Å"resources† at the bottom of the window), who is one individual that contributed to modern genetic analysis? What did this person contribute? The genetics laboratory is the best choice when blood is found at a crime scene. Alec Jefferys contributed to modern genetics analysis by inventing what is now an essential technique called a polymerase chain reaction. How are computers used in fingerprint analysis? They are used to identify minutiae which may be loops, dots, forks, islands and so forth.Comparison points must be perfectly matched for two fingerprints to be considered identical Who is a pioneer in fingerprint analysis? Describe a famous case that this person was involved in. Edward Foster testified as a fingerprint expert in a case called caution fresh paint in 1911. Fingerprints in the wet paint next to a murder victim were the only clue, he used those prints t o demonstrate to the court that the prints of one man was a match and he was convicted for the crime What is the role of the forensic chemist in crime scene investigation? They analyze all chemical, organic and inorganic aspects of a sample.They separate the components and identify them using a variety of tests and devices. Who helped pioneer forensic chemistry? Describe one of her famous cases. France McGill was one of the pioneers that helped forensic chemistry, when he examined the stomach of an elderly couple who had died she found a large quantity of strychnine which is a powerful poison that was along with bran. The murder weapon was soon identified they were eating bran muffins baked by their granddaughter that was intended for her father. She was charged with murder and then acquainted In the ballistics laboratory, what is the water tank used for?Describe the analysis. To determine whether a bullet found at the crime scene actually came from the suspect’s weapon. It m ust be compared with another bullet from the same gun. Ballistics experts fire it into a special water tank that slows and stops the bullet so that they can collect it in tact Who helped pioneer ballistics analysis? What did he contribute? Wilfrid Derome the Laboratoire de recherches medico-legales de Montreal, the first forensic laboratory in North America and only the third in the world Why is measuring and diagramming the scene important?It is important because it helps to note specific locations of objects, clues, and the body. The photo and this sketch will later be used to draw an accurate plan of the site on the computer What materials or tools would a crime scene technician use? Something to take a photograph, polilight, measurements and diagrams, revealing prints, and something to take samples From the activity and the information it had, what aspect of an investigation do you think you’d most like to work in?For example, would you prefer one of the laboratories? Wha t appeals to you about this particular aspect of the investigation? I would like to work in the ballistics laboratory, it appeals to me because I would play one of the most important roles I think and that is to identify the weapon used in the crime scene. I will get to compare marks on bullets, cartridges, blades, and other kinds of weapons left at the crime scene.

A Political Economic Social Technology Analysis Of Malaysia Tourism Essay

A Political Economic Social Technology Analysis Of Malaysia Tourism Essay 0.0 Introduction Nowadays international business is a vital aim for every firm despite small firm or large firm and they are moving toward to international business for the sake of foreseeable future of their business. Besides, international business is known to be business dealings crossing national borders at any stage of the transaction which included trading such as import and export activities that carry out by the small and large firm from domestic to international market across the world (King, 2008; Aneff, 2010). Moreover, at present, international business can be acknowledged as global business whereby the firms have to adapt their businesses to the outside world in different markets that the firms seek and approach to and deal with many different cultures that concern in every country (Nakate, 2010; King, 2008). With the changing liberalization strategy in the whole world, a lot of firms are gaining benefits from international trade and investments. On top of that, an agre ement of GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) was introduced to get control over the rate charges of the tariff and trade barriers (Geneva, 1986). In contrast, after the formation of GATT, in year 1995 followed by the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Besides, there are 2 important forces that drive a business to international business which are the technological development and the disappearance of a substantial part of the communist world (Lausanne, n.d.). Shangri-la Asia Limited is a company with the principle activity of investment holding which focusing on the business and operation of hotels as one with associated real estate properties with providing hotel management or related services (Bloomberg, 2009; Shangri-La Asia Limited, 2009). The company mainly focuses in operating hotels and leasing spaces for commercial and residential. Shangri-la was incorporated in Bermuda and its main headquarters is located in Quarry Bay, Hong Kong. Furthermore, Shangri -la Asia Limited was founded in year 1971 and until now, Shangri-la has been in operating in the industry for 39 years and operates its hotels in the company of Shangri-La, Rasa, Trader, Summer Palace, and Shang Palace. Moreover, the group managed 65 hotels at the end of 2009 with 47 hotels invested as the equity which managed by its subsidiaries. Besides, as of year 2009, Shangri-La hotel employs approximately 260,000 employees in the Asia countries (Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts, 2010). 1.0 Macro Environment 1.1 Political Environment In China, the government attaches great importance to the tertiary industry in their country and there was positive government policies advance tourism in order to build tertiary industry to be one of their pillar industries (Lew, Yu, Ap, Zhang, 2003). Besides, the hotel and tourism industry in China had rapidity raise after the entry of World Trade Organization (WTO) to the domestic market in China. As according to the announcement from China Nationa l Tourism Administration (CNTA), with the entry of WTO in China, it brings the foreign international hotel industry to invest and set up hotel in China and the government of China approved the application of setting up wholly foreign-owned travel agencies in China thus, demand for hotel industry boosted up (Xinhua, 2004). Moreover, base on the Chinese government’s policy of long term goal, the inbound tourist arrivals to China will achieve 210 million by the year of 2020 in which this would benefit the hotel and tourism industry in China to gain more profit on the tourist visit. For instance, base on the information published by the Shanghai Tourism Commission (STC) in China, the entry of foreign travel companies would help to stimulate and rise of the business of the local tourism industry in the case of SARS that happened seriously in China in 2003 (China Daily, 2004). On the other hand, the political issue would be on political tension between Taiwan and Mainland China and these threats would be considered as the unforeseen event that the hotel developer and investor will take into account (Guo, et.al., 2004).

Critical Review of Research Papers in Nursing Paper

Critical Review of Papers in Nursing - Research Paper Example The column bravely uncovers the ravaging attitude which the modern day military possess. It speaks of the mechanical traits of the military, which are deployed to solve tentative, unfathomable, & deepest of social issues. It speaks of inhumanity & corruption on behalf of the governing bodies that deploy armed forces despite knowing that militarization is the remotest solution for any of those problems. Swift amicably draws a fine line denoting that militarization or forceful occupation of a territory is undoubtedly the gravest offence which can be committed against the human race in the contemporary global scenario. Interestingly it appears as if the author touches all the fundamental bases of this burning issue, but refrains himself from delving into the roots of those fatal problems. He speaks of religious liaisons, Chinese cross border aggression, indo-Pak eccentricity & almost everything bestowed within Mother Nature, but strangely swifts away from giving any materialistic soluti on. He places facts, figures & incidents to condemn a certain approach, but outrageously evades the question of a plausible solution. He says that the: ‘arbitrary exercise of power is the centerpiece of any occupation. It is hard to imagine it otherwise,’ but peculiarly disowns himself from this glaring notion when the time arrives for a possible solution (Swift, 2005, p. 1). In another attempt the author has advocated that the Chinese occupation of Tibet is equally condemnable to the US imperialist aggression. It may be cited that Tibet was a land of unprecedented feudal values even until the 1950s. The ruling religious classes of Tibet had battered, bled, slaughtered, & victimized the whole population until the arrival of the Chinese red troops. It is a fact that the temples & palaces of the once invincible lamas were stacked with human bones, fleshes, & skulls as tokens of religious piousness. Buddhism was turned to ‘devilism’ throughout the history of T ibet. The streets were filled with beggars, ailing citizens & there was not a single school which existed in the land of the Himalayas. Even in the 1920s & 1930s the nation existed without a proper economic infrastructure. Barter system was practiced by the invincible ruling class to exploit the ‘half dead’ inmates. The ruling elites bestowed themselves to the western powers, thus paving the way for potential moral & military aid. Naturally, the Chinese aggression was severely criticized by the feudal rulers of Tibet. It was true that china had long term goals than it seemed at the introduction. But it was also true that Chinese power modernized & humanized Tibet. Human rights came into existence (Maxwell, 1970, pp.50-73). Now how can the Chinese annexation of Tibet fall within the same genre of the US attacking Iraq, Afghanistan, or Libya? It simply cannot. The United States of America wants the feudal & religious hegemonies to remain secure at their respective pavilio ns. The reason is simple. The open liberalistic policy of the US backed corporate houses requires ignorance to exist & make further profits. Religion is the easiest weapon which helps to modernize a man from outside without altering his feudal beliefs. Swift speaks against religious fundamentalism. But this topic has been discussed a thousand times before. How can one expect to assemble a group of men with contradicting superstitious (read religious) beliefs & expect them to maintain rationality &

Qualcomm, Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Qualcomm, Inc - Research Paper Example This was the beginning of the exponential growth of the company. The company nowadays has extensive portfolio not just in the United States of America, but the company has over 195 patent agreements around the world. This makes Qualcomm the best and the largest company in the communication sector. The company has also been very active in the growth of 3G and other wireless communication developments. Among various other development, company has developed several modern technologies in the industry including CDMA technology, 3G technology and QUALCOMM Enterprises Services (QES). QUALCOMM is also helping the governments around the world in setting up effective communication solutions. QUALCOMM has also started QUALCOMM licensing service though which the every new development that QUALCOMM makes is licensed to companies around the world so that this development is not concentrated to just one part of the world, but it spreads throughout the world evenly. (Qualcomm’s Official Webs ite, 2011) Qualcomm is threatened quite badly by the large amount of lawsuits that were filed against the company. Everyone these days seem to file lawsuits against the company. From the handset makers to cellular networks, everyone has given its own share of problems to the communication industry giant, QUALCOMM. These lawsuits range from antitrust law violations to licensing agreement. All of this could have created a mess if it was not QUALCOMM. It is one company that is spending huge sum on its team of defense attorneys. Hence, the company can fight it out by having out-of-the-court deals with the companies who have filed these lawsuits or else they can go with them hard in the court of law. In any case, QUALCOMM does not have too much to worry about and this problem is going to be handled more than effectively by the team of lawyers that are on QUALCOMM’s payroll. This problem also stemmed from the sharp growth of the communication industry in the last decade. This irreg ular resulted in a lot of problems and lawsuits for QUALCOMM. However, QUALCOMM is in a great position to come out of this problem as they have a great team of attorney to defend the company’s position. (Sidener, 2009) Another problem with QUALCOMM is its declining margin. In the latest quarter ending June 26 2011, QUALCOMM operating profit margin was 30 percent. This was a decline of 3 percent from the quarter previous year. This shows that operating expenses of QUALCOMM are rising faster than its revenues. This has caused the problem of declining QUALCOMM’s profitability. The scrutiny of financial statements reveals that this decline in profitability is a result of increasing cost of equipment and servicing costs. QUALCOMM can improve its position by moving towards more efficient operations. They should try to reduce the costs by as much as possible and should try to increase their revenues. This can be done by increasing the cost control methods and hiring operation managers at each cost centre. They should inspect the factors that are leading to wastage and should try to eliminate them so that the next quarter’s financial statements are more profitable and more ostentatious. (Qualcomm’s Income Statement, 2011) QUALCOMM operates in an industry and is facing high level of competition. It is reported that there are around 21 companies that provide competition to QUALCOMM directly or indirectly. This is

Reflection paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflection - Research Paper Example I like this film because the director is able to find out an apt solution for the emotional problems faced by the high school students. Problems faced by teenagers/adolescents The teenagers/adolescents feel that that they are no more children. On the other side, elders are not ready to consider them as grown up individuals. This status between the worlds of children and elders is really frustrating for the teenagers/adolescents. So, the teenagers/adolescents in high schools are forced to form their own gangs or cliques. In the film, the children from the Shermer High School undergo detention and this change their lives. Barsanti (2010) stated that, â€Å"A cross-section of high schoolers spend Saturday detention testing each other’s limits, probing for weaknesses, categorizing, and defining† (p.49). The students are aware of the fact that they are from different groups and cliques. In the beginning, they refuse to share their personal matters. Gradually, they began to s hare their personal matters and the problems faced by them. In the film, the teenager named as Allison Reynolds reveals that she is compulsive liar. On the other side, John Bender is facing some adjustment problem at his home because homely matters disturb him a lot. In the end, all the children came to realize the fact that they face similar problems. Most of the parents consider that their children should obey them without any objection. One can see that the grass root level reason behind the faced by teenagers/adolescents is interconnected with their families. For instance, the high school children in the film face a number of problems in their families and this leads to further problems at the school. Their hatred towards their parents eventually leads them towards misbehavior and punishment. So, this film reveals that the elders must try to understand the fact that family problems can lead teenagers/adolescents to misbehavior at schools. Family circumstance and individual devel opment In my opinion, family circumstance can exert positive or negative influence on individual development. For instance, most of the troublemakers at schools are from broken families. When a child is not able to have enough emotional attachment at home, it will react in a different way. One can see that the most important factor behind the success of a family is unity or deep relationship among the members. If the elder members of a family fail to provide enough love and care to the youngsters, there exists high possibility for emotional problems. In the film, problems within the private circle leads the children towards further problems at their school. On the other side, their teachers are not ready to find out the reason behind their misbehavior. For instance, their teacher (Mr. Vernon) never tires to find out the reason behind their misconduct. If the teacher tries to talk with them, he can easily find out the problem and can help them to overcome the same. I consider that th e students must try to discuss their problems with their teachers. If students face some problem in their private circle, they can discuss the same with their teachers. In the film, peer group influence is strong among the students and they are not aware of the drawbacks of the same. So, the director makes use of the lives of high school children to reveal the relationship between family circumstan

Biostatistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Biostatistics - Essay Example From our calculation, our odds ratio is skewed in nature and therefore it is not possible to make a direct calculation of the standard error. We have a 95% confidence level and the population odds ratio for heart disease associated with smokers lies within 1.21 (an increased odd of 1.21 fold) and 1.99 (an increased odd of 1.99) fold. When a confidence interval does not include the value of 1, we know that the odds of the measured outcome are different for both attributes even without a significance test. In this case, the confidence interval does not contain value 1.0, hence there is significant association between smoking and heart disease. The Odd’s ratio is 1.55, the smokers are having 1.55 times more risk of having heart disease on the other hand, the risk ratio is 1.2939, means for smokers there is 29.39% more chance to having risk of heart disease. Both the confidence intervals do not contain the value 1, hence the results of both Odd’s ratio and risk ratio are significant. Observe that for both Odd’s ratio and Risk ratio, the p value is 0, hence both the measures are equally significant. The odds ratio value is skewed and therefore it is not possible to directly calculate the standard error of the statistics. The no difference value for this statistics is 1 and therefore when a confidence interval includes the value of 1, we know that the odds of the measured outcome are the same even without a significance test. To evaluate the p value, we can use the chi-square approach but in this case, it is not appropriate therefore it would be proper to use Fisher’s exact solution. Odd’s ratio is preferred in case of a nested control study because it is an efficient method of analysis in terms of both time and cost. It also makes it possible to investigate a wide range of possible risk factors. Odd’s ratio is also particularly suitable to investigate rare diseases with a long induction period. Odd ratio is also preferred because it a

Holding up General Motors Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Holding up General Motors - Literature review Example According to the study findings  the term transactional cost is essential in the effective development of a theoretical framework, upon which is based the prediction of specific economic tasks, as performed by firm-entities. This is in addition to when such economic tasks would also be performed within the prevailing market arena. Critically, this term was essential during his discussion of the ‘costs of utilizing the price mechanism’ in his paper – The Nature of the Firm. He further developed this concept in his later seminal work – The Problem of Social Cost  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ upon which the term referred to the ‘accrued costs of prevailing market transactions.This paper highlights that  Oliver E. Williamson was to greatly popularise the term, through his work – Transaction Cost Economics – that has fundamentally aided in the explanation of a variety of organizational behaviours in the contemporary era. This is founded on the notion of no t only regarding ‘transactions’ as pertaining to ‘buying and selling’, but also other pertinent interactions i.e. informal gift exchanges and daily emotional transactions etc. Further contribution is by Steven Cheung who conceivably regards transaction costs as pertaining to any cost expenditures, which arise because of the existence of organizational-entities or institutions.  Williamson differentiates in his work – The Mechanisms of Governance (1996) –the aspect of Transaction Cost Economics (TCE) from the then dominant ‘neoclassic micro-economics.

Contribution of Motivation in Reducing Employee Turnover in the Essay

Contribution of Motivation in Reducing Employee Turnover in the Banking Sector - Essay Example In turn employees expect fair pay, good working conditions, proper tools and equipments, secure career, fair treatment, advancement training, power, as well as involvement in making decisions amongst many other needs (Nandanwar, Surnis, and Nandanwar, 2010: p9). Expectations from both employees and employers vary with organization and individual thus the burden experienced by top management in ensuring that there is no conflict of the interests and needs. Addressing employees’ expectations requires understanding of employee motivation. Employee motivation is one aspect of human resource management with its main function being uplifting the morale and spirit of work amongst employees (Sara, Katharina, and Sverke, 2009: p4). Uplifted spirit and morale enhance meeting of set targets, objectives, aims, goals, and standards while at the same time following established rules and regulations. Notably, employee motivation reduces movement in an out of an organization (Wilson and Madse n, 2008). In fact, employee motivation enhances retention of individuals within a firm hence reduction of employee turnover, which has so far proved to be very costly in terms of time and other resources. Banking industry is a very sensitive sector as it deals with customers’ money and other valuables. ... Within this proposal, research aims and objectives coupled with an overview of the literature to be used in the final dissertation is provided. Moreover, this dissertation proposal outlines the proposed research plan, which will include overall research strategy, underlying assumptions, research methodology, critical discussions, and conclusions. Aims of the Study Based on the above introduction, the major aims of the proposed dissertation are improvement-related. Particularly, these aims can be listed in the following chronological list. i. Identifying various aspects of employee motivation. ii. Identifying factors resulting into differential employee needs hence motivation. iii. Finding out relationship between motivation and employee turnover in the banking sector iv. Identifying how motivation reduces employee turnover in banking sector Objectives of the Study i) To identify the role of motivation in reducing employee turnover in the banking sector ii) To understand how motivatio n reduces employee turnover in the banking sector Research Questions i) How are employees in the banking sector motivated? ii) What determines employees’ motivation in the banking sector? iii) How do employees respond to motivation in the banking sector? iv) How does motivation contribute to reducing employee turnover in banking sector? v) Is motivation the major factor in reducing employee turnover in the banking sector? Chapter 2: Overview of the literature According to Rynes, Gerhart, and Minette (2004: p1), contrary to expectations of some employers contemporary employees do not place much emphasis on financial rewards. As a result, many employers have found motivation of employees very difficult despite reviewing of their financial rewards upwards (Emery and Oertel, 2006: p2). It

Q mthds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Q mthds - Essay Example (Weiss, 2004) For me, statistics are everywhere around us in this world. We face a lot of situation which involves statistics and more particularly descriptive statistics in our lives. In fact this interaction with statistics is so frequent that it is often very difficult to spend even hours of our lives without having to look at statistics or descriptive statistics. The reason behind statistics being all around us, confines in the daily activities or routine tasks, which we go through. For example, suppose we are watching a match involving our favorite NBA team, Lakers. Before the match we are going to make some inferences. These inferences will be based on the basis of statistics are more importantly descriptive statistics. For example, to say Lakers is going to win will be based on certain variables that both the Lakers and the opposing team possess. For example, our inferences could be based on the fact that on average, Lakers is scoring more baskets than the opposing team. Simil arly it can be on the basis that the players of Lakers such as Bryant and Gosol are taller than the players of opposing team. It could be any reason based on the variable between the two teams. If we define variable, it is used to define certain characteristics that differ from one person to another or from one entity to another. This is how we can use statistics as tool to make inferences in our daily life and gives us a little idea about how important statistics can be. From the above example, it has become really clear that statistics play vital role in our daily lives. The above example might not affect our lives greatly but think about certain situation where using the techniques of descriptive statistics can make our lives better, if we apply the right techniques to a data and make inferences which might benefit us. Let's now take an example of a company which trades stocks in NYSE. Suppose that the market is bullish and shares prices are rising. This increase could be graphed as the following diagram: Source: http://www.nasdaq.com/ Date: 28 September 2009 The above diagram shows the data of NYSE index on a 28 September 2009. From the above data, we can see that the market has reached peak at 1'o'clock. By the use of descriptive statistics and comparing the data of several days, we may come to a conclusion that NYSE reaches its peak each day at 1'o'clock and can disburse all the investment before 1'o'clock to make huge profits. This will create a motivation for the company to invest in the shares by large amount to maximize its profits. However, suppose that the market has a trend that after reaching a certain point it goes down or loses its value. (Orr, 1995) If this trend line or line of best fit, which is a part of descriptive statistics, is known, it will provide this company comprehendible information about not only the timings and compositions of optimum investment in NYSE, but will also tell the company when to divest from the market, before the market indices start to fall. This is how giant brokers operating New York Stock Exc hange make the use of descri

Cartoon and Japanese Society Essay Example for Free

Cartoon and Japanese Society Essay Japans animation boom began in the summer of l977, when the movie Uchu Senkan Yamato (Space Cruiser Yamato) captivated teenagers and young adults to emerge as a major box-office hit. The success of this sci-fi anime prompted a fundamental shift in the cultural status of animation. Even before Space Cruiser Yamato, Japan had produced a considerable number of animated films, but they were generally regarded as childrens fare or, at best, family entertainment; the few adult-oriented animated movies were not successful commercially. Space Cruiser Yamato was the first anime to demonstrate that the medium need not restrict itself to kiddies fare. Following suit, from the late l970s, Japan put out a steady stream of animated films geared to young adults, including Ginga Tetsudo 999 (Galaxy Express 999) and Kido Senshi Gandamu (Mobile Suit Gundam). Most of these were commercial successes as well, although critics dismissed these as exploitation films pandering to teenage taste. The attitude of film critics changed abruptly, however, with the 1984 release of Kaze no Tani no Naushica (Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind), a film whose artistic quality was widely regarded as more than sufficient to hold the attention of adults. With this movie, writer-director Miyazaki Hayao overturned the conventional image of the anime director as a versatile hack, and was soon crowned as animes first genuine auteur. Of course, not all anime rose to the level of non-juvenile entertainment or art. In fact, in the late 1980s, with young adult anime showing signs of staleness, the focus began to revert to childrens films. Nevertheless, the genre never relinquished the commercial foothold it had gained during the young adult anime craze; furthermore, Miyazaki began to enjoy a large degree of freedom in his filmmaking, as did several other directors who subsequently achieved the status of anime auteur. The results of those efforts, particularly the anime produced by Miyazakis Studio Ghibli, are not simply movies with high box-office potential; they are in many instances artistically superior to the live-action films made in Japan, and they have won growing legions of fans overseas. During the 1990s, animation, spearheaded by the work of a few anime auteurs, emerged as the face of Japanese film, positioning Japan as the worlds undisputed anime superpower. And in 1997 — a full twenty years since anime took off — animations preeminence over live-action films in Japan was more apparent than ever. In a matter of months after its release, Mononoke-hime (Princess Mononoke), Miyazakis latest film to date which was then alleged to be his last directorial effort, broke every box-office record to become the biggest domestic movie hit of all time in Japan. In the languishing field of young adult anime, the avant garde sci-fi work Shin Seiki Evangerion (Neon Genesis Evangelion) scored a major box-office hit and won a huge cult following. Moreover, childrens anime are as popular as ever. In all, it appears that anime has taken center stage in the Japanese film industry, pushing live-action movies into the wings. Kenji (2002) opined that Animation became popular in Japan as it provided an alternative format of storytelling compared to the underdeveloped live-action industry in Japan. Unlike America, where live-action shows and movies have generous budgets, the live-action industry in Japan is a small market and suffered from budgeting, location, and casting restrictions. The lack of Western-looking actors, for example, made it next to impossible to shoot films set in Europe, America, or fantasy worlds that do not naturally involve Asians. The varied use of animation allowed artists to create characters and settings that did not look Japanese at all Now a bit about how animation gets to wherever you are today. In the dusty yet not-so-long-ago time, when old cities began to get overweight and thus suburban areas started to be a new synonym for the term eyesore, the post-LSD generation of the Northern hemisphere imported anime from the Land of the Rising Sun at approximately the pace of a snail-mail package sent from Alabama to Tibet. The riotous 1970s has just received enlightenment in this field of concern the quicker-witted Americans in the industry started to stop calling non-human-non-nature-non-animal motion pictures ‘cartoons’ and have used the word ‘animation’. Naturally the content of slim boxes of taped animation movies embarking there was then called ‘Japanese animation, and for the convenience of those who tend to misspell anything more than three-lettered it was promptly squeezed into ‘Japanimation, so no wonder that they still misspell it. Anyway, no derogatory wink was involved in the term Japanimation its just a matter of geoprofile for the product that has come in faster and in bulk during 1980s. The malicious intent is not there, if you really are so paranoid about such things; it is for instance in the term Japornimation, for which the Yoshiwara might have had an influence (i. e. modern sexually explicit and repulsively bloody anime movies). Meanwhile, in 1990s someone (probably the same person who snail-mailed from Alabama to Tibet) informed the Northerners that the Japanese themselves have always called the thing animation. From then on animation often replaces Japanimation in the lexicon, but it didnt blast the old word out of circulation usually attached to the Old School of diehard, seasoned, loyal and zealous anime fans (otaku) among the Americans, it is still valid to use Japanimation today in any case of generally useless elaboration such as this, plus the term anime is seen as too wide to refer to just the characteristic Japanese product anime could mean the entire baggage this planet must carry in the form of every kind of animation, including Beavis Butthead.

Leadership And Change Management

Leadership And Change Management Leadership is a sequence of multidirectional, reciprocal influence processes among many individuals at different levels, in different subunits and within executive teams (Yukl 1994, p. 459). It is the way to acheive the gaol and motivate the people to do best. Leadership is the source of inspiration and it shows the action and way of acts to do. Leadership is considered as a product of complex social relationships (Dachler 1988). Current theoretical approaches on leadership research is concern about a greater extent role of leadership research which describe and give some understanding and recommends for effective leader behaviour and normative models. They focus more on explanations of leadership processes, describing leader behaviours, and present why behaviours occur in certain situations. If there are behavioural recommendations are available it means this is usually done more carefully and rarely without any philosophy that anything is possible. Current leadership theories are a ccepting the limits which have leader influence. The best leaders are those most interested in surrounding themselves with assistants and associates smarter than they are. They are frank in admitting this and are willing to pay for such talents.(Amos Parrish). Leader is a person who rules or guides or inspires others(Andrew, 2007). A leader is a person having personality which others want to follow him. They may not always make right decisions but they are confident in hte decion making and they know when they should change their directions and why. Even after a few mistakes a leader will not lose his or her followers confidence . Leaders are recognised, not chosen or selected. In short, leaders have something extraordinary in their personality to inspire their followers. They have the qualities that the others dont have. It is an intengible characteristic that cannot be explained. But hte truth is that when we see it, we will recognise it. Contemporary theoretical concepts have assumptions that leadership has to be understood. Following Hunts classification leadership approaches on a continuum from objectivistic to subjectivistic (Hunt 1991), they are more likely to present it as subjectivistic purpose. If traditional patterns of explanation included in the content of newer approaches, contemporary theories, these are generally have to be understood as an advantage of classical theory. There are some particular people that others follow them, they like there style, work and extraordinary activities. If we look at organisational events, there is someone who have the leadership qualities, these are people who are willing to order and tell the other people what they have to do and what to do, and have the respect of other people or gain that respect. Many images made by inspirations from leadership. They have their own identity and fame in the world. Special individuals like, Hitler, Jinnah, Gandhi or Napoleon. The story around these people show that they passed from so many crisis where acts of one person who is the leading peosonality, are meaningful and people admire to follow decision of their leader. Leaders have the ability to decide, what can do and what they have to do and they deliver thier message to others to communicate and pass thier message to others. When these are absent or cannot deliver their ideas then there may be problem. Quality of leadership is success of groups and organisations. There are so many definitions for the leadership quality. There are so many leadership qualities and four main things are to lead influence on others. Second, where there are leaders and there are followers as well. Third, leaders must appear or involve when there is crisis or special problem. The leaders have quality that they se em to come visible when an innovative action from other side is required. Fourthly, leaders are the people who know that what they have to do and what they should do in future and why they should impliment their stretegy. So, leaders are the people who have clear vision about the thinking and decision that what they should do in uncertain situations and who have the effecting personility in the actions, thoughts and positive views and thinking of others. In this case, leaders qualities are personal. It depends on individuals qualities and actions. Leader can be manager or expert. May be not all managers can be leaders and not all leaders can be managers. In literature of leadership there have been four generations of theories: Trait theories. Behavioural theories. Contingency theories. Transformational theories. Leaders are person who are able to explain themselves(Warren Bennis,2004). If we get the knowledge about the lives of people who have marked that they are the great personalities or great effective leaders, it make it clears that they have very different qualities. If we think about political personalities like Nelson Mandela, Ghandi, Margeret Thatcher and Mao Zedong then we will confirm that these are the personalities who have great impact on the followers. The general qualities or traits should be in leaders. Stogdill (1948) and Mann (1959) reported in a survey that many studies have resulted that the personality and characteristics differentiate leaders from thier followers(Stogdill,1948). John Gardner(1989) studied a large number of North American organisations and leaders and conclude that there are some qualities or behaviours that appear in a leader. These include:  · Physical, mentally and mind making stamina  · Most Intelligence and action taking judgement  · Crucuial to accept responsibility and challenges  · Task accepting  · Understanding of people and meet and fullfil their needs  · Skill in communication with people and followers.  · Courage to acheive their goal  · Courage to motivate people  · Resolution  · Trustable personality and attitude  · Courage to decieve  · Self confidence . Couraging personality  · Challenges accepting personality We mostly have heard that leaders lists concerns their apparent maleness (Rosener, 1997). Rarely, we heard that women is leader. The attributes which are related with leadership are mostly male. May be the leadership characteristics are gendered and mostly these characteristics are in male. The behaviour of leader also counts. They moved from leader to leadership. If leaders are liked and respected then they can have more support and backup from their followers. The successful leadership is based on definable and learnable behaviours i.e, leaders are made, not born. These extensive and systematic studies aimed to identify behaviors associated with effective group leadership. Blake and Mouton (1964) developed the Managerial Grid which categorised leaders based on their dominant behaviours. These researchers were making progress in indentifying what behavior distinguished from followers. These behaviours could be taught. That is why these researchers conclude that leaders are made, not born. Although behavioural approaches to leadership offered a wider scope than trait theory. Researchers are unable to identify a specific set of leadership behaviours. Contingency Theory operates on the premise that the leaders ability is based on different situations and the structure of the task at hand of the leaders (Fred Feidler,2001). Fred Feidler argued that leader effectiveness depends on two related factors one is that the leadership style and the education or situation which force the person to become a leader. He also developed a scale (LPC) to measure the degree to which a persons leadership style tended towards the followers. There are four leader behaviours: directives, supportive, participative and achievement oriented and also attempts to account for many more achievement factors than previous studies (R.J.House and T.R.Mitchells Path goal Theory (1974)). Path goal theory explain how and why certain leader behaviours result in desired outcomes. This theory suggest that leaders are basically responsible for helping their followers develop behaviours that leads to achieve their goal or desired outcome. Victor.H.Vroom and Philip. W. Yetton (1973) suggest the use of co-operative decision making in an organisational context. They create a decion tree to answer the questions about the nature of the followres and problem to be resolved. A leader can determine what sort of leadership style should be used by following the useful ideas of the decision tree. Transactional leadership is basically in contingncy and is contingnt upon performance . The leader, who have power and control over his or her employees or followers, provides new ideas or suggestions for followers to do what the leader wants. The research depends on its limitations. Transactional approach is carried on with the supply and demand situation. However, transactional leadership is less effective than others and it needs more approaches. Transactional leadership works on the assumption that people follow the person who inspires them. The latter is a process in which all leaders and followers can help and familiarise everyone with the new ideas and their thoughts (Jamess. Burns ,1978). He introduced the concepts of both transactional and transformational leadership. This approach creates significance change in the life of people and organisations. (Bernard.M. Bass, 1985) contrasts transformational leadership with transactional leadership. While transactional leadership simply involves an exchange that leads to desired outcomes, transformational leadership motivates the people to do more than expectations( Bass, 1985). Recent theories on leadership are the process in which leaders are not considered as individuals in charge of the followers, but are consider as members of a community of practice. This community can be defined that the people combine their ideas and share history and familiarise the people with the way of communication. This model of leadership do not concentrate on the concept of dominance, motivation and influence which are the primary situations of leadership. If the workgroup is one where groups of people are engaged in activity together then leadership becomes the process of coordinating efforts. In todays world of corporate America, mostly people belief that it is possible to provide the education facility to make them a leader. But In my point of view Leaders are born not made(Adison,1995 ). We mostly see the people in promoted. But in many there are no special qualities to effect or attract the people or their followers (Everett Lockhart). Nowadays we have a lot of managers and supervisor but there are few which are leader and having leadership qualities. Sure, everyone can be a good manager or supervisor but everyone by nature is a manager or supervisor(Everett Lockhart, 1991). It is not the case that every leader is a manager first, but it is also can be possible that leader can give up the information to the manager and the fact is that, everyone by nature having management and supervising personality and qualities. We often point out one person and say, now he is a leader, without thinking that how the person becomes leaders? And how they can attract the people. Sometimes we can say that it is the genetic quality which is in some of the people or we can say that it may be God gifted quality. Those people have this gene, they get to lead. They have all the ability to make decision. There is some good saying that Leadership DNA is myth. There are the natural or God gifted abilities in the leaders personality. These abilities are present in some of us other do not have these abilities and qualities which leads to leadership. The main quality in the leadership is that they have command to give up their ideas and they know how and which ideas effect the people. The desire to lead is the motivational quality that put them to lead the followers. Obviously there are people who dominate on their followers. They dominate on them because of abilities and good decision-making. They are the good and attractive leaders among us and have the excellent performance. Leadership is the collection of skills that produce results. They are able to identify the requirement of their followers and they direct them on the right way to success. Leaders can learn leadership ideas and can get all the information in so many ways for example it also provide training observation on other leaders. Self study etc. Development is the key factor which opens the leadership getaway. It is the an increase in skills or abilities and a continuously learning process through life experiences. No one can be a leader just by saying that I am a leader. Leadership needs to be work hard. The main keys of leadership are as follows; Leadership involves in the critical situations and solve them by giving ideas. So good leaders analyse and plan and adapt their plans to new conditions and opportunities. Leaders have a vision and they share their vision as well. A leader takes charge. They cannot just talk a good game to be a leader; they also can take ac and take effective action for the good of our small business and leader inspires through example. In conclusion, leaders are the effective personalities. Their act, behaviour and decision making policies show their leadership qualities. There are some classical view also in this leadership overview. In which its described that how commentators have searched for special leading personalities and behaviours and look at the different circumstances. Classical views of leadership tend to identified by position. Where, leaders become focus for answers and solution. People look at them when they dont know what to do. They give direction and have vision. Leaders have special qualities. These create the difference between leaders and followers. This leadership view stands for forms of organisations that are common in business. Where the purpose is to achieve the goal in short period of time. Classical leaders can have a more participating style. They have power and opportunity to take responsibilities. It can be a great- man model of leadership. The leadership traits or qualities discussed are honesty, forward-looking, competent, inspiring and intelligent. (Kouzes and Posner, 1984). These qualities are strongly correlated with people. Leaders are made, they are not born. They are made by hard effort, which is the price which all of us must pay to achieve any goal that is worthwhile. (Vince Lombardi). True leaders are rare. This is because of combination of skills, personality and ambition. Some personality traits are natural in leaders roles. This is the trait theory. Extraordinary qualities in an ordinary person which help him or her to leadership. This is the Great Events Theory. People can learn leadership skills. This is the Transformational Leadership Theory(Bernard Bass and Don Clark,2010). These thories discribes the leadership traits. Leadership And Change Management Leadership And Change Management Change refers to any alteration which occurs in over all work environment of an organization. It may relate to change in technology, organizational structure, working processes, work environment, organizational policy and even the roles people play. Introduction of change in one part in an organization forces change in other part. If the change is beneficial people accept it willingly. If it is not desirable, there is great resistance. If it is of no consequence to the people, they may adopt an attitude of indifference. If they consider the change detrimental to their growth and prosperity, they may resist through counter pressure. This reaction is based not necessarily on the reality or facts but on their perception. The change therefore should be sufficiently strong enough to overcome the counter pressure. Due to advancement of technology and social environment change has become a necessity. If the change takes place, a balance or equilibrium is achieved by the organization. Thus p eople learn to expect various environment relationships within the organization. They learn adaptation. The essence is that when people feel that there is need to change, and when they change, they actually are adjusting to changed situation thus equilibrium is achieved with the changed environment. This process carries on and is never ending because change takes place continuously. 1.1 Change Processes 1Lewin developed a theoretical structure to deal with change process and carried out a program of search on change. The result was a good theory that has indeed turned out to be very practical. Recent work suggests that Lewins force-field analysis applies within a limited domain and that Lewins views are less applicable beyond the boundaries of that domain. Lewins views on change came under attack as simplistic and outmoded, but today they continue to receive strong support (Burnes 2004) 1.2 Lewins Force Field Theory of change 2As we know a wide variety of forces make organizations resistance to change and a wide variety of forces push organizational change. According to his force-field theory, these two sets of forces are always in opposition in an organization. When the forces are evenly balanced, the organization is in state of inertia and does not change. To get an organization to change, managers must find a way to increase the forces for change, reduce resistance to change or do both simultaneously. Any of these strategies will overcome inertia and cause an organization to change. The following figure illustrates Lewins theory. An organization at performance level P1 is in balance: forces for change and resistance to change are equal. Management , however ,decides that the organization should strive to achieve performance level P2.To get level P2 , managers must increase the forces for change(the increase is represented by lengthening of up-arrows) ,reduce resistance to change(the reduction is represented by shortening of down-arrows),or do both. If they pursue any of the three strategies successfully, the organization will change and reach performance level P2. 1.3 Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change in Organizations Evolutionary change is gradual, incremental and narrowly focused. Evolutionary change involves not drastic or sudden altering of the basic nature of an organizations strategy and structures but a constant attempt to improve, adapt, and adjust strategy and structures but a constant attempt to improve, adapt, and adjust strategy and structure incrementally to accommodate to changes taking place in the environments. Revolutionary Change is rapid, dramatic and broadly focused. Revolutionary change involves a bold attempt to quickly find new ways to be effective. It is likely to result in a radical shift in ways of doing things, new goals and new structure. It has repercussions at all levels in the organization-corporate, divisional, functional, group and individual. Reengineering, restructuring and innovation are three important instruments of revolutionary change. 2.0 My Organizations study 3The history of Nokia goes back 1865 when the company was established as a forest industry enterprise in south-western Finland on the Nokia River by a mining engineer called Frerik Idestam.This was not particularly remarkable event as numerous forest industry enterprise existed in Finland at the time. Later, Nokia came into contact with two enterprises that were outside the traditional forest industry. These firms were the Finnish Rubber works Ltd (founded 1898) and the Finnish Cable Works Ltd (founded in 1912).The gradual concentration of the ownership of these companies led in 1966 to the establishment of Nokia Corporation, into which all the above-mentioned companies were merged. Nokia grew fairly rapidly in 1970s and 1980s, partly because of the then-flourishing (bilateral) Soviet trade, which was boosted by the oil crises in 1973 and 1980.When the Soviet trade collapsed in 1991.Nokia ran into difficulties. Serious consideration was given to selling Nokia in its entirely to the Swedish company Ericsson , but the merger did not materialize .Nokias solution to the crises was to concentrate on the production of the electronics( and thus to abandon the production of paper and pulp ,tires , rubber boots ,cables and so on) ,to invest massively in R D and to adapt a new management strategy that relied extensively on domestic and foreign subsidiaries and subcontractors .Nokia also actively sought to become a genuinely international firm By Finnish standards , the management strategy was really revolutionary because previously companies had tried to be as self-sufficient as possible in production .Nokia decided to concentrate solely on final product and on the high tech end of the production .Nokias new strategy also involved investment in R D .Besides investing heavily in research and development , Nokia created a very useful network of research contacts between universities and itself .This cooperation has been of great benefit to both Nokia and Finnish universities. Currently , Nokia accounts for more than 20 percent of Finlands total exports and its growth contribution is estimated at 1.5 percent .Nokia alone accounts for about 40 percent of the R D expenditures by private enterprises in Finland .Moreover , it accounts for 70 percent of the stock market value of the Helsinki Stock market Almost 60 percent of Nokias workforce is currently outside Finland .Its success shows up most dramatically in its earnings and market capitalization values. Thus, in 1999 Nokias profits equaled the combined profits of its two main rivals Ericsson and Motorola and its market capitalization was over $ 200 million almost twice Finlands GDP 2.1 Nokia Environmental Analysis There are several forces surrounding the external environment of Nokia including demographic, economical, natural, social-cultural, technological and political-legal environment The Demographic Forces 4Population-wise, Europe is made up of five largish countries (France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain) , with Germany well ahead with some 82 million inhabitants. The rest are small countries with only Netherland qualifying as middle-sized country. Urbanization is highest in Belgium and Israel and lowest in Switzerland, Finland, and Italy. This is modestly correlated with population density , the Netherlands being the most crowded , followed closely by Belgium and then three of the big five: the United Kingdom ,Germany , and Italy; the least crowded countries are Sweden and Finland The Economical Forces People in Europe are reasonably wealthy and income distribution between people is relatively even. Growing economy in Europe leads to increasing income of the people. People will buy more luxury goods (such as mobile phones).If the economy of Europe is in decline the average income will not increase and even more likely to decrease. In this case the people will have less money for luxurious goods and will spent less on mobile phones, which would be very negative for Nokia Nokia has big share in European market which is 37% which is now heavily hit by global economic recession. This has affected customers potential to buy mobile phones which in turn causes in reduction in Nokias profit. As we know technological innovation is the main competence of Nokia but due to this recession Nokia is spending less on R D budget in this way Nokia is losing its competitive advantage and may signal to move away from product differentiation which is a chief outcome of Nokia R D activity Nokia has strongly differentiated product and services at the same time Nokia is the cost leader too, as product differentiation is capital intensive while the differences with the cost savings are inevitable in these conditions these two strategies are usually incompatible .Nokia product differentiation strategy has also diminished due to the introduction of Iphone, flip phones, RAZR etc 5Nokia is not focusing on the following issues in the rapidly changing economic environment, Technological invention of a new substitute product like IPod, Iphone A foreign governments adverse economic policy affecting the companys product Diversification by high profile organization into the companys existing products Slowing down in the market growth Change in the habits and tastes of the consumers Potentially damaging demographic changes Changing technology and digital convergence 6In this rapidly changing world, Nokia is facing challenging threats on which they need to focus. The biggest threat for Nokia in Europe is the increasing mature market in Western Europe. Almost everyone in Western Europe has a mobile phone and there are a lot of competitors on the market. If Nokia wants to keep their market share it have to keep innovative, keep working on their image and most important they should keep listening to their customers. The danger of mobile phone radiation through wireless electronics is not more a fantasy. For instance, the new way to communicate per internet gains more and more fans 7Technological development of mobile phones is an important technological force because the technology in the mobile phone business is constantly innovating and developing which can lead to big chances for Nokia .There is a constant research going on within the mobile phone business to try to develop new gadgets and new systems for mobile phones. Nokia has to be aware of these developments, because when the competitors develop a new gadget that Nokia does not it means that the competitors will have a comparative advantage over Nokia. The technological development of substitutes is important when there will be a new developed substitute, it can mean that people will buy this product instead of Nokia mobile phone and so sales for Nokia will drop along with the profit 8According to Nokia due to fast speed internet information technology ,media ,music and mobile communications are converging to one industry.Net books and other computer based products are posing new threats of substitute for Nokia as phones and PCs become more homogenous. The customers are becoming more sophisticated due to rapidly changing technological environment and now Nokia can heralds the threats of mighty Microsoft who has more experience and resources as compared to relatively in-experience Nokia which may result in comparative disadvantage for Nokia. Through merger and acquisition Nokia can overcome this threat which still Nokia is not considering. Nokia is financially very strong company, there is need for the company to enter into new markets to achieve new experience and market shares by overcoming the weak rivals. Nokia new possible target can be Acer which has 11.9% share in the notebook market (Kwong, 2009) 9The advancement of new technologies is also creating new threats in the areas of security. Nokia can provide security by creating sound business practices and careful processes. The companys threat scenarios include as the worst root causes of threats: Employees who are careless and over-trusting Sub-contractors who also work with the companys competitors and implement lax security measures Poor information security that compromises data Industrial espionage by competitors, either alone or with the assistance of state investigation agencies Social engineering specifically as a means of industrial espionage Specific environments in so-called emerging markets which pose new threats to personnel security such as kidnappings and ransom activities and can give rise to large-scale armed robbery of valuable cargoes The Political-Legal Forces Finnish law European law Domestic laws in each of Nokias foreign markets International Laws Health regulations Because Nokia is a Finnish company and has its headquarters in Finland, the board of directors has to be run in accordance with The Finnish law. Since Nokia is also an international company, it has to comply with the international laws such European law, International laws are actually a collection of treaties, conventions and agreements between nations .Nokia must also comply with every foreign countrys domestic laws , which it is doing business with laws affect every aspect of Nokias business product safety, consumer protection dealing with competition , packaging and labeling and advertising etc Legislation is useless if it is not enforced. Nokia has to know the legal environment because it constitutes as the rules of the game. At the same time, it must know the political environment because it determines how the laws are enforced and indicates the direction of new legislation. Health regulations are also important because of danger of mobile phone radiation and the way Nokia has to handle with this threat. The natural Forces Environmental Issues are something that has become more important in the last few years. People are becoming more aware of pollution and want companies to do something about that. Nokia should be aware of this growing sense of awareness for the environment and should change the ways of production and should focus on producing environmental friendly products. The Social-Cultural Forces The population is very diverse. People can be divided into different subcultures that have several ways to spend their money .Subcultures could be different age groups ,interest group and immigrants .They have also different attitudes towards mobile communication Trends in the market 10During the last few years, multimedia applications, such as camera, Mp3 player or radio have become trends that reveal the shape of the future and provide many opportunities for new mobile phones. The crucial factors in fad period are features feel , look ,shape ,coolness especially for teenagers. One example of fad is Nokia N-Gage .This is a mobile phone and a game computer as well .It failed because it could not compete with big game device manufacturers such as Nintendo Consumer Buying Behaviour The changes of such personal factors like age, family life cycle or social class and changes of reference groups unquestionably influence the buying behaviour on the whole mobile phone market and corresponding on Nokias target market. Nokia should know this and has to develop solutions for all these life circumstances 11Global changes like changes of consumer needs, tastes and preferences, the emergence of new technology or nay new development in the marketing environment could potentially affect the fortunes of brand .Nokia also made a straightforward mistake: It didnt produce the clamshell-design mobile phones that customers wanted. And the customers jumped ship so that the companys sales Went down .Consequently, Nokia faced a loss of $6 billion in equity . Nokia faced a very difficult time particularly in year 2004.There were many drawbacks in Nokia strategies like failure to read market trends and act according to these trends. Also Nokia was not up to the demands of his customers which wants innovation in the designs of Nokia sets. The old days were Nokia classic style dominated the market are not returning and company needs to accept it .Nokia always insist on removing some functions or screwing up the keypad. For customers sometimes it is frustrating to have some phones with Bluetooth support but not having Wireless LAN, mp3 support but no FM, camera but no Mp3 and etc .As a result Nokia has lost customers, average sales prices have fallen .Therefore Nokia decided to change its policy in developed and emerging markets 3.0 Assessment of Implementation of change Issues 12Nokia the worlds biggest mobile manufacturer , had a bad year in 2004.Its shares lost over half their value between march and August-from a high of $23 to a low of $11 on 13 August-its sales declined and its market share, having stabilized around 35 percent for many years , fell to a low of 28.9 per cent. And in April 2004, one of its main rivals Samsung over took Nokia in market capitalization. However, some commentators thought that Nokias decline began even earlier than this. Sales peaked at  £ 30.4bn in 2000 when 128m phones were sold. In 2003 despite selling 179m handsets revenues was  £29.5bn .Samsung in contrast was able to achieve higher average selling prices for its photos, even though its volume were lower Although some thought that Nokias problems were partly because it had reached saturation in its main markets as well as facing increased competition, others laid the blame for Nokias problems at the companys strategy of focusing on high volume, lower price sales and ignoring design. The needs of increasingly fashion-conscious young mobile phone owners were ignored and Nokia was accused of missing the change from brand to style. This is surprising given that Nokia had previously been the pioneer of the handset as a fashion item with choices of colors and styles. But in 2003/2004 Nokia was sticking to its traditional monobloc or candy bar format for its handsets; meanwhile his rivals were bringing out more innovative models A particular problem was demand for folding calm-shell phones , especially in Asia and North America .Motorolas RAZR v3 model , a slim-line design with stylish aluminum shell , was a particular hit with consumers .Nokia has admitted that it failed to anticipate how successful clamshells would be .But other design features were also missing. Cameras , high-quality colour screens and user interface , that had formerly been streets ahead of the competition , were all less well developed than they needed to be .This meant that previously loyal customers were forced to turn to competitions models. I think Nokia just does not seem to have changed its look much over the last 10 years Nokias design problems happened at the same time as mobile phone service providers were wanting customized handsets as a means of increasing their own brand differentiation .Operator specific handsets are normally locked to prevent them being used by another operators network thereby attempting to boost customer loyalty as well as security .Operators in Europe and America were contracting with smaller Asians original design manufacturers to provide handsets to their own design specifications .And Vodafone , the worlds largest mobile services provider ,chose to provide its Vodafone live data services on handsets supplied by sharp. Similar problems affected the development of 3G services Japanese and South Korean companies were some years ahead in this technology .Vodafone for one choose Samsung and Sony Ericsson to supply its 3G handsets as a result .And Hutchison Whampoas there , a new entrant to the 3G market in Europe ,declined to sell Nokias handset because it lacked video-calling capabilities to embrace customized handsets was actually the result of technological factors .Given Nokias reliance on volume and sale ,it could not make different handsets for individual operators without a reorganization of its value chain .Until 2005 this was oriented towards large-scale production of relatively undifferentiated handsets .It preferred to hold off adding new features , such as high-quality colours screens or higher-resolution cameras ,until the components were available in large volumes. It also preferred to customize handsets through software .Its series 60 software, which is run on high-end phones is especial ly configurable, allowing the same hardware to support providers various services However ,the shock appeared to stimulate Nokia into making the necessary changes .It has since moved into operator-focused hardware customization despite its preferences for software customization and made the changes to its logistics system .Nokias new modular hardware designs made it easier for the company to customize products faster , and it set a target for 50 percent of its products to have alternative designs such as clamshells ,sliders and swivels by the end of 2005.One of its products the Nokia 6230 was so popular that Nokia was at times unable to meet demand and Nokia became a beehive of experiments. It launched a range of innovative handsets ,the N-series ,which had additional features as well as being phones and its 770 Internet Tablet is a hand-held computer that does not contain a phone at all but supports web-browsing e-mail and voice-over-internet calls using Google Talk software and Wi-Fi technology .Nokias then CEO Jorma Ollila has since retired directed R D to are as where Nokia had particular strengths for example radio technology and mobile-phone software ,not wasting it on technologies that the company could buy it .In 2004 it spent more than $4.8bn on R D of which 60 percent on software .At 12.8 percent of sales Nokia R D ratio was 3 percent higher than Motorolas and about twice that of Sony Nokia now the largest Camera Company in the world and convergence means that its phones provide music-playing, video-recording and computing facilities so that its competitors include Apple, Sony, Canon and other consumer-electronics firms .By may 2006 Nokia described as having a renewed spring in its step .Its market share has recovered to 35 percent 4.0 Analysis Conclusions 13In the environmental analysis, we took into account the different environmental forces which have impact on Nokia. Nokia has a very strong position in the mobile phone market in Europe. It is a strong brand because of their good quality products and powerful image and has just few weaknesses However, changes in consumer needs, preferences or too fast development of new technologies, could have negative impact on the consumer buying behavior in Nokias segment. Nokia should be prepared for it Currently Nokia sells its products in over 130 countries. The company divides the market not only into geographical and behavioral qualities of the customers are similar-to better satisfy their needs .Sometimes Nokia has a wrong strategy to keep its customers .Nokia removes some functions in its phone so that customers have the need for more .Moreover after producing new models Nokia sometimes does not focus enough on their positioning through advertising and packaging .Nevertheless, Nokia is still has the one of the best brand value in the world .The customer-based brand equity is also positive , people still prefer Nokia among the others .Customers have many associations with Nokia brand which differentiate it from other competitors .Competition is fierce and many competitors are attacking against Nokia to become the market leader .However ,Nokia has several advantages over its competitors such as economies of scales and innovative high technology .Europe is its home market ,Nokia has good possibilities to succeed and maintain its market leader position also in the future .However it cannot make misjudgments anymore. Now it is aware of the threats. It has to observe and predict what is happening in its environment and be sensitive in listening to its customers and trends

Personal Journey Into Medicine Personal Development Essay

Personal Journey Into Medicine Personal Development Essay The presence of the doctor is the beginning of a cure-goes the proverb. It is something I firmly believe in. The art of healing patients begin at the moment the patient sees the doctor, not only when the medicine is prescribed. The practice of medicine is a combination of knowledge, compassion and love for the people we treat and fellow human beings in general. Thats the combination of medicine that will treat the patient as a whole and uphold the WHO definition of health: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Since childhood, the idea of treating people has inspired me. The house next door to where we live was given for rent and most of the time, doctors used to occupy it. They used to see patients at home as well. During the summer school vacation time I used to stay with the doctors during their working hours at home. I had the opportunity to see them interact with patients, provide them comfort and give them medicines. The patients used to return for follow up and thank the doctors for the help and care they had provided. I could see the gratitude expressed clearly in the patients eyes and even though I was a child and a mere spectator of the whole process, my mind was able to comprehend how well a doctor can change another persons life for the good. The interest in the profession took its initial roots from there. When I was 12 years old there was an incident that further strengthened the interest for Medicine within me. One night my best friends dad collapsed, the doctor next door ad ministered CPR and he was taken to the nearby hospital immediately. Further we came to know that my friends dad had suffered from a myocardial infarction popularly known as heart attack. I was intrigued by this and wanted to know exactly what it was and the doctor explained it to me in a way comprehensible for a child of my age. The working of the heart fascinated me. The intricate way in which our organs work; how a doctor can change another persons life with timely action; all these intensified my interest in Medicine during my childhood days itself. When I was a child, my parents left me with my grandparents. My parents had difficulty to take care of me in their hectic work schedule. Even though my grandparents looked after me in the best way possible, I always missed my parents. I used to feel a lack of love always, maybe from the absence of my parents proximity. Somehow I resolved in my sub conscious mind that nobody else should suffer from the absence of care. This decision had a tremendous effect in my life when I entered Medical School. I always used to feel that all the patients whom I used to come into contact with as one of my own relative.. My senior doctors wanted to know as to how I became like this and traced it back to my childhood. Now I believe everything that happens to us has a good effect in our lives sooner or later. My interest in Internal Medicine started growing in the early years of Medical School. When the clinics started in the second year, I found myself drawn towards the Internal Medicine ward more than any other specialty. There were a variety of cases, and at times a specific disease will manifest with varied presentations. Puzzling diagnostic problems which would fall into place with a specific examination finding. All of us are made unique and hence, though two patients may share the same disease process, two treatment plans can not be the same. The doctors who taught us were veterans in their respective fields and instilled within us great interest and love for the vast subject. At times I would think in awe that Medicine is wonderful, vast and challenging. Every day the senior doctors used to have case discussions of patients in entirety starting from diagnosis and treatment of illness to offering support and counseling. The medical students were also asked to actively participate i n such group discussions and ask all our doubts. During my student period I always made sure to see as many Internal Medicine cases as possible, the wide variety of cases always enthralled me and the different physiological systems acting with each other paves the way to list a variety of differential diagnoses as well. Our medical school was always conducting seminars and conferences of which the internal medicine department took a great interest to participate. I had the fortune to participate in state conferences as well. Each day a week, the hospital used to conduct a meeting which included the entire departments and hospital staff discussing the rare and interesting cases they have encountered; this was a good experience and played a role in deepening my passion for the subject of internal medicine. Our professors in internal medicine used to conduct seminars on what not to do in Medical Practice as well, exposing to us the pitfalls they had in their life and how to be cautious against them. Another thing I found interesting about Internal Medicine is that we can take care of all the patient population. There is no restriction to any age group or gender. In my third year of medical school, we had postings in a community health center. When I was working there, I came across a patient, he was a fisherman, and he had come for refill of medication for his hypertension. The doctor in charge asked me to examine him. Examination of his system showed Mitral Regurgitation. The doctor in charge asked me to write him a referral letter to the local hospital for further evaluation including ECHO and stating that his financial condition is poor. Weeks later I saw him in our medical school, he was referred to our institution for surgery, while I was speaking to him-he took out the old referral letter which I wrote from his pocket and thanked me for helping him out. He even called up my parents to tell them that I helped him. Though I couldnt be directly involved in the treatment aspect, the way in which the patient expressed his gratitude touched me a lot and made me thinking that how much good we can do for people and improve the quality of their lives. During my internship period the idea of treating the patient as a whole and not only the disease process itself took a firm grip in my mind. As much as we treat and cure patients, I understood that counseling them and giving advices on the preventive aspects of diseases is of paramount importance as well. In India the disease like Malaria,Dengue,Cholera,Tuberculosis,Chikungunya-just to name a few, are rampant. Such diseases can be easily avoided with proper counseling and for that good communication skills are required. These are skills, I understood, that we gain with experience and no text book advice can help us with it. We can always treat the disease, but I think it is more important to isolate the main cause of the same and eliminate it from the scene. For example- doctors treat childhood asthma, the root cause of the same might be due to passive smoking from a close family member; if we just spend a few minutes in delving more deep into the patient history we will be able to i solate the main cause and prevent the childs future attacks of asthma and with good communication skills to stop the family member from smoking and protect his/her health as well. The importance of rehabilitating a patient is another important thing which I found during internship period. In some cases, the patient is treated and some unavoidable residual problem may persist. The patient may not be able to go back to work, if so, what to do next? In this aspect I found the meaning of rehabilitation-something I read many times in the textbook and regurgitated into the exam answer papers in a new and different light. It is again important to make the patient aware of support groups and help them find a livelihood which is suited for their present health condition. As an intern I saw that internal medicine doctors as primary care physicians doing this more than any other specialty the treating the patient as a whole and concentrating on the preventive aspect as well. This augmented th e my love for internal medicine and made me aware of the fact that an internal medicine doctor is a unique combination of extensive knowledge, sharp diagnostic and treatment abilities; with humanistic qualities of empathy, compassion and integrity. I have always felt a particular liking and empathy for AIDS patients because they are always socially discriminated and the stigma surrounding AIDS even in this 21st century also is to such an extent that a diagnosis of AIDS means social death. During my internship period I saw many HIV positive patients. As tuberculosis and HIV go hand in hand, I saw many patients being treated for extended period of time and our consultants helped them through their ups and downs. Once again I was enlightened to the fact that humanistic qualities are important in a doctor treating patients with such a chronic disease surrounded by social stigma. As a part of our posting in internal medicine department three of us were sent to work in an AIDS hospice. The learning experience there was beyond any textbook knowledge that we garnered over the years and the summation of the time I spent there has helped become a better doctor and a better person I am today. There was a total change in the outlook I had for this chronic illness. The interest in this disease which presents in various ways with a large number of associated opportunistic infections , gave me the idea of making an AIDS Man-a full blown poster of a man with AIDS with all the possible opportunistic infections. This was effectively used in several health education campaigns we conducted from our Medical School. I have always believed that doctors should not be anyones judge-dont think as to how this person got this disease. A patient should always be treated with the same care and compassion, no matter what the disease is or how he/she contracted it. The medical school I studied in is a charitable institution as well, catering to the needs of underprivileged sections of the society, so I was always close to the cradle of the basic human needs and emotions. I was a part of numerous camps that our Internal Medicine department had conducted which encompassed giving free medications and further follow up in our hospital; by doing this we were able to reach our medical care to all the sections of society, notably the tribal population in our state. The health condition is the tribal areas were far worse than I had imagined-poor sanitation facilities, malnourished children, symptomatic but un-discovered cardiac problems in children and adults alike, various forms of oral cancers, pregnant women not seeking medical care, high maternal and infant mortality rate, neonatal tetanus and so on. With our constant individual counseling, health education sessions and poster campaigns we were able to instill the importance of medical care in thei r minds. A primary health center was established in the tribal area in which I had the opportunity to participate and slowly, but steadily we were able to gain the trust of the local people there and provide health care for the community thereby improving the quality of their lives. It was during the internship period that I found there is a teacher inside me. I had the opportunity to go to different schools and communities to give health education classes on substance abuse, STDs and so on. I found the art of providing health education and interacting with various people from all walks of the society a fulfilling experience. To speak to patients and families when they are helpless the most, is a challenge that the medicine has provided. We all know that people become vulnerable when they are sick. To help people take decision regarding the different treatment modalities: which is best for which patient, to have help people take end of life decision, comfort the immediate relatives and ease the passing of terminally ill patients, to hold their hands and comfort them, to wipe a tear from their eyes and an occasional hug for an old patient who has been abandoned by her children and tell her that we are all here to take care of you, has all given me a certain amount of satisfaction. My interpersonal and communication skills were polished and developed during this period of time. I was able to establish a good relationship with many patients who were under our care during internship. They all touched my life as much as I was able to touch theirs. Internal Medicine is a dynamic branch as the internal medicine doctor not only treats the disease, but the patient as a whole. I want to achieve better training as a doctor; make meaningful contributions to the society and I believe that research opportunities are one of the best to achieve that goal. The internal medicine residency program will foster my interest in academics, offer the best clinical training and provide research opportunities. I would like to nurture the teacher within me through patient education and involvement in student training. My personal reason for liking internal medicine is that it uniquely combines hard work, service, compassion, empathy and strong communication skills. In addition to the traditional education, a physician studying abroad will obtain a general global perspective on various health issues and hence encourage broad mindedness. I expect a challenging environment in which to practice and learn the enormous volume and life experiences that enc ompass internal medicine. I am sure that Internal Medicine residency will be a fulfilling experience helping me to develop a strong foundation for the future years in this field.

The Impact of Truth in Oedipus Rex (the King) Essay -- Oedipus the Kin

The Impact of Truth in Oedipus Rex (the King) "Truth has made me strong." This is a quote from Tiresias, one of the characters in Sophocles's tragedy, Oedipus Rex. The quote has different meaning and relevance for each of the different characters, but for the character of Creon, the quote is completely true. By the end of the play, the truth had not only prompted Oedipus to forgive Creon, clearing his name of any previous accusations, but the truth had also made Creon Oedipus's successor. However, Creon was not one to squander the power that he knew can be gained from knowing the truth. He understood its power and importance, and kept it private. For the majority of the play, right up until the very end, Oedipus sees Creon as an enemy. He thinks that Creon, in league with Tiresias, is Laius's murderer and is conspiring to overthrow the king and take the throne for himself, "You the murderer so self-proved, the self-condemned filcher of my thrown..."(29). However, when the truth comes out that Oedipus has married his mother and killed his father, all is forgiven between the king and Creon. Oedipus makes this beautifully clear when he says "God bless you, Creon, bless your path through life, encompass you with surer joys than mine"(78). Having a good and unmarred reputation is a form of power in that people will respect the person, as well as listen to what he or she has to say. If the truth had never come out and Oedipus had never made peace with Creon, Creon's reputation would have been that of a traitor and a murderer. No one would have respected him and he would not have had any practical strength. The power that Creon ended up with is best described in this quote from the Chorus: "Wait! Here comes Creon...... ...ly saw the world. For the first time, he understands his surroundings, and understands the world for what it really was. Even though the truth takes away his family, kingdom, pride and possessions, the truth gives him something he needs more than all of those: understanding. Sophocles shows his brilliance as a playwright by adding intelligent, terrible irony to the end of the play. The irony is that at the monumental change in Oedipus' life, when he can, for the first time, see the world with clarity, he can see nothing at all, for he blinds himself. Oedipus becomes like Tiresias, visually blind, but mentally clear. Perhaps Oedipus unintentionally takes an example from Tiresias, learning that it is far better to live one's life without sight and see the world clearly through the minds eye, than to be able to see, but have ones sight blinded by pride.

Socialist Opposition to Genetic Engineering :: Argumentative Persuasive Crops Essays

Socialist Opposition to Genetic Engineering A debate is ragging over the advancements being made in genetic engineering. Scientist discovered that genes are the map of every aspect of a living organism, this has furthermore led to the prospect of altering this coding. By modifying one’s genes parents will one day be able to pick the color of their unborn child’s eyes and farmers will have the ability to develop plants that will produce bigger and healthier harvest. With the growing anticipation that some feel towards genetically modified crops others question it effects on the surrounding environments. Often pesticides are more heavily relied on for genetically modified crops and some cases have found pollination decreased in areas dominated by GM plants. Since there are so many aspects of genetic modification that have yet to be explored, much more research is required before distributing GM seeds internationally, but from the information already available the sides have begun to divide. Published in Socialism Today, the monthly journal of the Socialist Party, â€Å"Manipulating life: genetically engineered crops† is an article written by Bill Hopwood. The piece is created for an audience of Socialist party members to express their opposition against the dominance of government, big business, and support of efforts to meet the needs of society as a whole. From the Socialist Party USA web site it is stated that: â€Å"We support agricultural worker cooperatives, and oppose large corporate factory farms that lower food quality, cause profound damage to the environment, push farmers off the land, cruelly treat animals, and wreck small town culture.† All Socialist efforts are focused around the ideals that workers and consumers are the ultimate controller over production. To convey the Socialist position on genetically engineered crops, evidential fallacy is heavily used along with the support of ethos appeals, pathos and logos. The article’s ma in objective is stated by Mr. Hopwood proposing that big business will gain too much power from genetic engineering: â€Å"The growing international opposition to genetically engineered crops raises the important issue – who runs society and to what end?† The introduction to the article and the following six paragraphs are not composed of opinions or viewpoints. The general facts and methods of genetic engineering are described, and the companies behind the research are introduced. Loaded words are used in this part of the article but are not very common.

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn :: essays research papers

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn "Though the novel is entitled The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and the story is told by Huck, the key character in the novel is Jim" The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has two key characters, one is the slave Jim, the other; the protagonist Huck. Jim and Huck could each be considered the key characters for different reasons, Jim as he is the main representative of the typical slave (slavery being the most important theme of this novel) and Huck for he is the main storyteller. Jim is an important character in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and without him the novel would be ineffectual. However The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel about the adventures of the protagonist Huck, and it is more likely that the key character of this novel is Huck because we see everything from his view. In a novel which is written as a satiric social comment upon the southern states of America Jim's role as the manifestation of slavery must be a key one. Incidents in which Jim interacts with other characters and their reactions to him are meant to symbolise the wider society's opinions on slaves and the practice of slavery. Jim, is a heroic figure in a book whose main characters consist of liars, cheats and scoundrels. Jim always does the right thing if he can, he always feels empathy for others even if those people show no such emotions for him. The incident at the end of the novel when he saves Tom and risks what he believes to be his own freedom is a case in point. We empathise with Jim because even though other characters suggest that his feelings are least important, whose life is lesser, whose existence is trivial, he manages to stay cheerful, and even kind to those who treat him in this manner. This quality makes him even more heroic, for he is a figure who turns the other cheek, and is kind to others no matter what. Jim doesn't lie or cheat, or steal or gamble and looks down on these activities. Jim is never bitter, he never complains, and never expects Huck to return or even notice what he does for him. However this is no to say that Huck is not heroic himself, his support for Jim, a black man, who Huck has been taught is inferior and as important as a pack horse is astounding, and displays that Huck is strong enough and heroic enough to make the harder choice and choose his heart over his conscience.

Philosophy of Professional Nursing Essay

Nursing as a profession includes a comprehensive strong set of principles, which should be understood and learned by each person, who decides to work in this field. Nursing philosophy, in my opinion, is not merely a philosophy of carative process, but also specific view on the patient. The present paper is designed to discuss my own approach to my profession and the related beliefs. Nursing first and foremost refers to health care, so the major value in this profession is health. I define this term as a state of physical, psychological and spiritual well-being. Individuals not always pay attention to their health, even though it substantially influences the quality of human life, so competent specialists are needed to help them understand the importance of health and lead them on their paths to positive individual and social functioning. As a nurse, or health care provided, I normally use Dunn’s approach to health as to maximum wellness, which can be described as â€Å"integrated method of functioning which is oriented toward maximizing the potential of which the individual is capable within the environment where he is functioning† (Smerke, 1989, p. 154). Individuals tend to engage in energy exchange with their environment and also seek to achieve balance in this process, or simply adapt to the environment. Although individuals strive to achieve balance and maximum functional status, they also actively seek new experiences that may disturb their balance at least temporarily† (Smerke, 1989, p. 155). This means, it is also important to deal with the roots of health dysfunctions such as lifestyle, habits, negative influences of the closest environment, job stress and so forth – I believe, each nurse is supposed to provide recommendations concerning the elimination or minimization of negative external influences and the development of healthy lifestyle, which increases productivity and both physical and psychological balance. Thus, it is necessary to take a holistic approach to health (Andrews and Amphlett, 1995), which would include both the satisfaction of health-related needs and attention to the patient’s individuality, as the final goal of nursing is the maximization of well-being. Speaking about the view on client within the philosophy of professional nursing, it is important to note that the patient â€Å"is a human being who has dignity, worth and the right to quality nursing care delivered with competence. The nurse practices with compassion and respect for the dignity and uniqueness of every individual with attention to the cultural and ethnic diversity of patients and their significant others† (Smith, 1995, p. 11). Individuals operate in dissimilar environments, so different issues might influence their health. Attentive listening and compassion within the basic nursing care might have really therapeutic effects, which will appear motivating to both nurse and health care service user. In addition, mutual understanding between the patient and the nurse are necessary to develop a true partnership in the relationship (Andrews and Amphlett, 1995), this aspect especially relates to the work with children, who often have fear of health services, hospitals and specialists in the corresponding uniform and thus refuse to cooperate. The respect for patient’s dignity includes non-judgmental approach to the client’s lifestyle and cultural sensitivity. The nurse is not entitled to be a spiritual teacher, and should be tolerant enough to avoid accusing patients of their health problems, such professionals, as I believe, should rather inspire patients to develop healthy habits rather than demonstrating strong dissatisfaction. Nurse’s role is not limited to the assistance in carrying out doctor’s orders, as they are often supposed to make their own decisions, as the number of unpredicted and unexpected situations is huge in the sphere of health care. I deem, nurses should also be advocates for patients, as they deal with service users much more closely than doctors and thus are welcome to suggest certain changes in the process of health care and discuss them with therapists (for instance, therapists not always notice that patients also require professional psychological counseling, so nurse should not hesitate to talk about this situation). I believe, nurses should also provide counseling in health care and, being prepared for work in the globalized society, they should take into consideration the client’s cultural background and their personal values, through which it is easier to articulate the necessity of adherence to certain recommendations. Furthermore, globalization also determines the need for social activity among nurses, as wellness and well-being might be threatened by dissatisfactory living conditions like poverty, against which they are encouraged to act, creating unions and associations. Working in health care teams, nurses also act as managers and team leaders, with respect to their competencies and skills. In the modern society, nursing should rely upon the specialist’s professionalism, or the ability to use the skills, learned in the course of education, depending upon the situation. Professionalism also involves the responsibility for human life and health (Smith, 1993), as nurses often have much freedom in health services and thus should be flexible enough to apply the knowledge of various disciplines where they are relevant. I believe it is also necessary to renew and enrich the knowledge; for his purpose, nursing includes the research of professional literature. To sum up, my own philosophy of nursing was developed to great extent owing to education (including self-training), as it was necessary to find out more about different approaches to health care and select the set of principles, with which I am completely consistent and to which I can adhere as a specialist. My philosophical views, as one can conclude, are comprehensive, as I take into consideration such issues as holism in health care, professional contact with patients, nurse’s roles, multiculturalism and research.